S <: T
(S 是 T 的子类型)S <: T
且 T <: U
⇒ S <: U
C(S) <: C(T)
(若 S <: T
,且 C
协变)C(T) <: C(S)
(若 S <: T
,且 C
逆变)class C implements A, B
(类实现多个接口)interface I extends A, B
(接口继承多个接口)final
类不可被继承(如 final class Circle
)List<? extends T>
(协变,允许读取)List<? super T>
(逆变,允许写入)A.<String>contains(strArr, "hello")
T[] arr = (T[]) new Object[size]
)class Pair<S extends Comparable<S>, T>
(类型参数边界)class A extends B implements Comparable<A>
IllegalArgumentException
(参数不合法)class MyException extends IllegalArgumentException
try {
// 可能抛出异常的代码
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
// 处理特定异常
} finally {
// 始终执行
}
throws
声明:public Circle(Point c, double r) throws IllegalArgumentException
@FunctionalInterface
标记(如 Transformer<T, R>
)Transformer<Integer, Integer> square = x -> x * x;
A::foo
(静态方法)或 aInstance::bar
(实例方法)x -> y -> x + y
map
与 flatMap
:list.map(x -> x + 1).flatMap(x -> List.of(x, x * 2));
new Thread(() -> { ... }).start();
isAlive()
检查线程是否存活synchronized
关键字(同步方法或代码块)CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 42)
.thenApply(x -> x * 2)
.thenAccept(System.out::println);
.handle((result, ex) -> ex != null ? fallback : result)
Stream.of(1, 2, 3)
或 IntStream.iterate(0, i -> i + 2)
filter
, map
, sorted
, distinct
collect
, reduce
, forEach
.parallel()
ConcurrentModificationException
)final
字段与防御性拷贝(如 Circle
类的 final private Point c
)Circle.createCircle(Point c, double r)
ClosedCircle
扩展 Circle
)Lazy<T>
类:仅在首次调用 get()
时计算值public
, protected
, private
, 默认(包私有)@Override
(重写方法)@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
(抑制泛型警告)✅ 复习建议:结合代码示例理解泛型型变、多线程同步机制,以及流操作的链式调用。注意 final
和函数式接口的实际应用场景。