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Anthropic发布FlashProve:基于zkSNARK的可验证推理原型

Anthropic Releases FlashProve: Cryptographic Proofs That a Reply Came From Committed Weights

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可验证推理是解决AI信任与监管的关键基础设施,FlashProve在性能上实现了数量级突破,值得关注底层安全机制的团队深入评估。

Anthropic’s Frontier Red Team has released FlashProve, an open-source research prototype for provable inference. FlashProve is a zkSNARK system from Anthropic that proves a reply came from a committed model. The proof reveals nothing about the model weights. On Llama 4 Maverick, a 400B mixture-of-experts model, it proves about 110 tokens/second on 1 H100. For developers, this targets a real gap: today you cannot check which model actually answered your API call.

Anthropic 的前沿红队发布了 FlashProve,这是一个用于可证明推理的开源研究原型。FlashProve 是 Anthropic 推出的一个 zkSNARK 系统,能够证明回复确实来自某个已承诺的模型。该证明不会泄露任何关于模型权重的信息。在 Llama 4 Maverick(一个拥有 400B 参数的混合专家模型)上,使用 1 块 H100 GPU 可实现每秒约 110 个 token 的证明速度。对于开发者而言,这填补了一个实际存在的空白:目前你无法确认究竟哪个模型响应了你的 API 调用。

TL;DR

TL;DR(太长不看版)

  • Size: Proves a 400B MoE model (~17B active per token); context capped at 1,024 tokens per request.
  • Runs on: Prover needs 1 H100 80 GB, 24 CPU cores and ~290 GB host RAM. Verifier runs on a CPU, no GPU.
  • Performance: Orders of magnitude faster than prior open-source zkML systems on the same 400B model.
  • Best: 110 tokens/second proving on 1 H100, with 18.78 MB proofs checked in 17 seconds.
  • Worst: Proving costs ~70 to 95x the GPU time of plain vLLM inference.
  • 规模:证明一个 400B MoE 模型(每个 token 约 17B 活跃参数);上下文在每个请求中限制为 1,024 个 token。
  • 运行环境:证明者需要 1 块 80 GB H100、24 个 CPU 核心和约 290 GB 主机内存。验证者在 CPU 上运行,无需 GPU。
  • 性能:与之前在同一 400B 模型上运行的开源 zkML 系统相比,速度快了几个数量级。
  • 最佳情况:在 1 块 H100 上实现每秒 110 个 token 的证明速度,18.78 MB 的证明在 17 秒内完成验证。
  • 最差情况:证明成本约为纯 vLLM 推理 GPU 时间的 70 到 95 倍。

What problem does provable inference solve?

可证明推理解决了什么问题?

A user querying a model cannot verify which model produced the response. A routing service could swap in a cheaper model. An attacker could tamper with the token stream. Judging from output quality alone is unreliable.

查询模型的用户无法验证是哪个模型生成了响应。路由服务可能会替换为更便宜的模型。攻击者可能会篡改 token 流。仅凭输出质量来判断并不可靠。

Anthropic lists 4 use cases:

Anthropic 列出了 4 种用例:

  • Regulators could confirm hardware serves inference, supporting AI pacing rules.
  • Labs could detect tampered inference servers.
  • Users could verify text provenance.
  • Regulators could enforce serving of approved models only.
  • 监管机构可以确认硬件是否用于推理,从而支持 AI 节奏规则。
  • 实验室可以检测被篡改的推理服务器。
  • 用户可以验证文本的来源。
  • 监管机构可以强制仅部署经过批准的模型。

How does FlashProve work?

FlashProve 是如何工作的?

FlashProve has a prover (the model provider) and a verifier (the user). It runs in 2 phases:

FlashProve 包含证明者(模型提供方)和验证者(用户)。它分两个阶段运行:

  • Offline: The provider publishes a commitment, a short fingerprint binding one exact set of weights. This takes about 39 minutes and covers about 16 million requests.
  • Online: For each request, the GPU produces a proof that the committed model produced those tokens.
  • 离线阶段:提供方发布一个承诺值,这是一个简短的指纹,绑定了一组确切的权重。这一步大约需要 39 分钟,可覆盖约 1600 万次请求。
  • 在线阶段:对于每个请求,GPU 生成一个证明,表明已承诺的模型生成了这些 token。

The proof system compiles an interactive oracle proof into a cryptographic proof using hash functions. Anthropic says this offers post-quantum security. It is the same family used by validity-proof L2 networks such as Starknet.

该证明系统使用哈希函数将交互式预言机证明编译为密码学证明。Anthropic 表示这提供了后量子安全性。它与 Starknet 等有效性证明 L2 网络使用的技术属于同一家族。

Three engineering choices drive the speed. Prover work scales with the ~17B active parameters, not all 400B. Requests are proved in batches after the fact, like prefill. Weights stream from host memory, so a single 80 GB GPU suffices.

三项工程选择推动了速度的提升。证明者的工作量仅与约 17B 的活跃参数相关,而非全部 400B。请求像预填充(prefill)一样在事后批量进行证明。权重从主机内存流式传输,因此单块 80 GB GPU 即可满足需求。

How fast is it? Benchmarks

速度有多快?基准测试

Anthropic measured the public 4-bit Maverick weights on 1 H100 with 24 CPU cores. Per the repo performance guide:

Anthropic 在 1 块 H100 和 24 个 CPU 核心的环境下对公开的 4-bit Maverick 权重进行了测量。根据仓库的性能指南:

  • Batch of 24: 111.23 tokens/second, ~221 to 226 seconds per batch.
  • Batch of 1: 17.41 tokens/second. Batch of 64: 123.31 tokens/second, flagged as unreliable on 80 GB cards.
  • Proof size: 18.78 MB. Client downloads ~6.5 MB once per commitment.
  • Verification: 17 seconds on 24 threads, 21 seconds on 1 thread.
  • 批次大小为 24:每秒 111.23 个 token,每个批次约需 221 至 226 秒。
  • 批次大小为1时:17.41 tokens/秒。批次大小为64时:123.31 tokens/秒,在80 GB显卡上被标记为不可靠。
  • 证明大小:18.78 MB。客户端每次承诺下载约6.5 MB。
  • 验证:24线程下耗时17秒,1线程下耗时21秒。

Against vLLM running FP8 Maverick on 8 H100s, proving costs about 72x the GPU time per batch. At vLLM’s highest tested load, the gap is about 94x.

与在8块H100上运行FP8 Maverick的vLLM相比,每批次的证明成本约为GPU时间的72倍。在vLLM测试的最高负载下,差距约为94倍。

How does FlashProve compare with other zkML systems?

FlashProve与其他zkML系统相比如何?

MetricsFlashProveAttestableVerInfDeepProvezkLLM
Model provenLlama 4 Maverick (400B MoE)Gemma 4 31B (dense)Llama 4 Maverick (400B MoE)GPT-2, Gemma 3LLaMA-2-13B
Throughput~110 tok/s53 to 77 tok/s~0.02 tok/s (1,000 tokens in 14.3 h)~2.9 tok/s (GPT-2), ~1.4 tok/s (Gemma 3)Full inference in under 15 min
Hardware1 H100 + 24 CPU cores1 H1001 DGX Spark1 machine; 31 tok/s distributedGPU (CUDA)
Proof size18.78 MB4.35 to 7.92 MiB93.6 GBNot disclosedUnder 200 kB
Verify time17 s (24 threads)157 to 648 ms17.7 h (20 cores)1 to 3.7 sNot disclosed
Context1,024 tokensUp to 16K tokens1,000 tokensNot disclosedNot disclosed
Code / licenseOpen, Apache 2.0Not open sourceOpen, MITOpen source per LagrangePaper (CCS 2024)
指标FlashProveAttestableVerInfDeepProvezkLLM
模型证明Llama 4 Maverick (400B MoE)Gemma 4 31B (稠密)Llama 4 Maverick (400B MoE)GPT-2, Gemma 3LLaMA-2-13B
吞吐量~110 tok/s53至77 tok/s~0.02 tok/s (1,000 tokens耗时14.3小时)~2.9 tok/s (GPT-2), ~1.4 tok/s (Gemma 3)推理在15分钟内完成
硬件1 H100 + 24 CPU核心1 H1001 DGX Spark1台机器;分布式31 tok/sGPU (CUDA)
证明大小18.78 MB4.35至7.92 MiB93.6 GB未披露低于200 kB
验证时间17秒 (24线程)157至648毫秒17.7小时 (20核心)1至3.7秒未披露
上下文1,024 tokens最多16K tokens1,000 tokens未披露未披露
代码/许可证开源,Apache 2.0非开源开源,MITLagrange规定的开源论文 (CCS 2024)

How is the security checked?

安全性是如何检查的?

Cryptographic code is brittle, so Anthropic formalized the protocol in Lean. It proves completeness, soundness and zero knowledge. The README states a cheating provider is caught except with probability about q/2^124 + 2^-101.

密码学代码非常脆弱,因此Anthropic在Lean中形式化了该协议。它证明了完备性、可靠性和零知识性。README指出,除非概率约为q/2^124 + 2^-101,否则作弊的提供者会被捕获。

FlashProve ships 2 verifiers. A fast C++ verifier is for daily use but carries no formal guarantee. A slower Lean verifier is proven to accept only what the soundness theorem accepts. Anthropic team notes Claude helped optimize the system.

FlashProve提供两个验证器。一个快速的C++验证器用于日常使用,但没有任何形式保证。一个较慢的Lean验证器经过证明,仅接受可靠性定理所接受的内容。Anthropic团队指出Claude帮助优化了该系统。

Key Takeaways

关键要点

  • FlashProve proves a 400B MoE model at ~110 tokens/second on 1 H100.
  • Proofs are 18.78 MB and verify on a CPU in 17 seconds.
  • Proving costs ~70 to 95x the GPU time of vLLM inference.
  • Security properties are formalized in Lean; weights stay hidden.
  • Limited to 1,024 tokens, greedy decoding, and MoE models for now.
  • FlashProve在1块H100上以~110 tokens/秒的速度证明了一个400B MoE模型。
  • 证明大小为18.78 MB,并在CPU上17秒内完成验证。
  • 证明成本约为vLLM推理GPU时间的70到95倍。
  • 安全属性已在Lean中形式化;权重保持隐藏。
  • 目前仅限于1,024个tokens、贪婪解码和MoE模型。

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