印尼炸弹捕鱼每年炸毁大量珊瑚礁，AI音频监测揭示规模
炸弹捕鱼重创印尼珊瑚礁
Bomb Fishing Is Wreaking Havoc on Indonesia’s Coral Reefs
炸弹捕鱼正在破坏印度尼西亚的珊瑚礁
This article was originally published by Inside Climate News and is reproduced here as part of the Climate Desk collaboration.
本文最初由《内部气候新闻》发表，现作为气候桌合作的一部分转载于此。
A bomb-fished coral reef in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Ocean Agency
印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛一处被炸弹捕鱼破坏的珊瑚礁。海洋机构
Fishers operating off the coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia, are detonating more than 8,000 underwater explosives each year, researchers estimate. The practice is turning picturesque coral reefs to “rubble.”
研究人员估计，在印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛海岸作业的渔民每年引爆超过8000枚水下爆炸物。这种做法正在将如画的珊瑚礁变成“碎石”。
Nicknamed the “Amazon of the Seas,” the Coral Triangle is the world’s most biologically diverse marine ecosystem. Sink below the surface and you’ll encounter the sound of a vibrant symphony of snapping shrimp, crunching crustaceans, and feeding fish.
被誉为“海洋亚马逊”的珊瑚三角区是世界上生物多样性最丰富的海洋生态系统。潜入水下，你会听到由 snapping shrimp（鼓虾）、嘎吱作响的甲壳类动物和进食的鱼类组成的生动交响乐。
But then the rhythmic music of life will dissolve into eerie silence, punctured only by the plosive boom of detonating bombs.
但随后，生命的节奏音乐会消散为诡异的寂静，只被炸弹爆炸的爆破声打破。
Off the coast of Indonesia’s Spermonde Archipelago, underwater microphones captured over 3,500 explosions in just 3,600 hours of recording, according to researchers from the Zoological Society of London.
据伦敦动物学会的研究人员称，在印度尼西亚斯佩蒙德群岛海岸，水下麦克风在仅3600小时的录音中捕捉到了超过3500次爆炸。
The source? Blast fishing — a globally banned technique that uses plastic bottles packed with explosives to stun and kill everything in a 90-foot radius. The highly destructive practice has been documented in at least 34 countries, from Lebanon and Libya to Brazil and Ecuador.
来源是什么？爆炸捕鱼——一种全球禁止的技术，使用装有爆炸物的塑料瓶来震晕并杀死90英尺半径内的一切。这种极具破坏性的做法已在至少34个国家被记录，从黎巴嫩和利比亚到巴西和厄瓜多尔。
While fishers predominantly use the method to catch fish for sale at local markets — identifiable by their ruptured internal organs and burst swim bladders — it’s also a grave threat to colorful coral reef habitats.
虽然渔民主要使用这种方法捕鱼，以便在当地市场出售——这些鱼可通过破裂的内脏和爆裂的鱼鳔来识别——但它也对色彩斑斓的珊瑚礁栖息地构成严重威胁。
“Bomb fishing is quite likely the leading cause of reef loss in this area,” said Ben Williams, the paper’s lead author, noting that a single bomb can wreak 200 square feet of destruction. “These picturesque reefs get converted into a landscape that looks like the moon. It’s just rubble and dead coral with very little sign of life.”
“炸弹捕鱼很可能是该地区珊瑚礁损失的主要原因，”该论文的主要作者本·威廉姆斯说，并指出一枚炸弹就能造成200平方英尺的破坏。“这些如画的珊瑚礁变成了看起来像月球表面的景观。只剩下碎石和死珊瑚，几乎没有生命的迹象。”
In 2023, researchers from Britain and Indonesia snorkeled down and anchored $150 audio recorders to short stakes in the seafloor. Using A.I. software — which the team has now made open-source — they scoured 16 months of audio in just a few hours to identify possible detonations.
2023年，来自英国和印度尼西亚的研究人员浮潜到海底，将价值150美元的录音机锚定在短桩上。利用人工智能软件——该团队现已将其开源——他们在几小时内筛选了16个月的音频，以识别可能的爆炸。
While the A.I. filtered suspected cases, each suggested sound wave was then manually verified to assess if it stemmed from a bomb or a misfiring boat engine.
虽然人工智能筛选了可疑案例，但每个建议的声波随后都经过人工验证，以评估其是否来自炸弹或发动机故障。
With sound traveling over four times faster through water than air, the team of marine scientists were able to detect detonations from over 10 miles away.
由于声音在水中的传播速度比在空气中快四倍以上，该海洋科学家团队能够从超过10英里外检测到爆炸。
“When [the bombs] are close, it’s so loud that it can shake you out of your skin,” said Williams. “But if you put your head up on the surface, you probably can’t even see the boat that did it.”
“当[炸弹]靠近时，声音大得能把人震得魂飞魄散，”威廉姆斯说。“但如果你把头探出水面，可能根本看不到肇事船只。”
Accounting for stormy-season setbacks and spearfishermen who tampered with the recorders, the team calculated that there were likely more than 8,500 blasts each year — all within an area of just 350 square miles.
考虑到风暴季节的干扰和篡改记录器的鱼叉渔民的干扰，团队计算出每年可能发生超过8500次爆炸——全部发生在仅350平方英里的区域内。
With a bomb dropped once every 62 minutes, the equivalent of three football fields of reef are destroyed each year, according to Williams.
据威廉姆斯称，每62分钟就有一枚炸弹落下，相当于每年摧毁三个足球场大小的珊瑚礁。
Indeed, an estimated 75 percent of coral has been lost in the Spermonde Archipelago since 1990 as a result of human activities, bleaching, and warming waters.
事实上，自1990年以来，斯珀蒙德群岛约75%的珊瑚因人类活动、白化和海水变暖而消失。
“Repeated blasts create shifting fields of rubble that prevent hard coral recruits from settling and growing, making natural regeneration and recovery of the reefs a difficult or impossible task,” said Melissa Hampton-Smith, a postdoctoral researcher at James Cook University in Australia, in an email to Inside Climate News.
“反复的爆炸造成不断移动的碎石区，阻碍硬珊瑚幼体定居和生长，使珊瑚礁的自然再生和恢复变得困难甚至不可能，”澳大利亚詹姆斯·库克大学博士后研究员梅丽莎·汉普顿-史密斯在给《内部气候新闻》的电子邮件中表示。
The data revealed for the first time that bomb fishing takes place year-round, peaks during the mornings and significantly reduces on Fridays, the local day of prayer.
数据首次揭示，炸鱼活动全年进行，早晨达到高峰，并在当地祈祷日的周五显著减少。
While understudied, the incentives for the use of dangerous dynamite fishing are often falsely attributed solely to poverty and desperation. The cost barrier to buying boats, bombs, and detonators means it’s more likely a practice for middle-income fishers, according to experts.
尽管研究不足，但使用危险炸药捕鱼的动机往往被错误地完全归咎于贫困和绝望。专家表示，购买船只、炸弹和雷管的成本门槛意味着这更可能是中等收入渔民的做法。
“A combination of factors drives blast fishing, including ineffective enforcement and management,” said Hampton-Smith, highlighting how indiscriminate the explosions are, killing all manner of species, regardless of age, size, or intent.
“多种因素共同驱动炸鱼活动，包括执法和管理不力，”汉普顿-史密斯说，并强调爆炸的杀伤力不分青红皂白，无论物种、年龄、大小或意图，都会杀死所有生物。
“Managing all illegal fishing, including blast fishing, is complex and varies from place to place, but in general equitable, consistent, and legitimate enforcement is key,” said Hampton-Smith, who first studied the phenomenon while living and working in East Africa’s bomb fishing hot spot, Tanzania.
“管理所有非法捕鱼，包括炸鱼，是复杂的，且因地而异，但总的来说，公平、一致和合法的执法是关键，”汉普顿-史密斯说，她最初是在东非炸鱼热点坦桑尼亚生活和工作时研究这一现象的。
Despite the widespread harm, intercepting blast fishers in the act remains an elusive goal in a nation encompassing over 70 million acres of marine protected areas — a region larger than the entire United Kingdom.
尽管危害广泛，但在一个拥有超过7000万英亩海洋保护区的国家——面积比整个英国还大——当场拦截炸鱼者仍然是一个难以实现的目标。
Though authorities in neighboring Malaysia successfully confiscated 1,250 pounds of ammonia fertilizer suspected of being used to construct homemade fish bombs this May, patrols currently fail to effectively pinpoint the detonations in real time.
尽管邻国马来西亚当局今年5月成功没收了1250磅疑似用于制造自制鱼炸弹的氨肥，但目前巡逻未能有效实时定位爆炸。
“Restoration efforts struggle to keep up with such rapid rates of destruction caused by bombing,” said Jamaluddin Jompa, coauthor of the paper and a research professor at Hasanuddin University in Indonesia, in a press release. “Immediate work to tackle bomb fishing is needed.”
“修复工作难以跟上轰炸造成的如此快速的破坏速度，”该论文的合著者、印度尼西亚哈桑丁大学研究教授贾马鲁丁·琼帕在新闻稿中表示。“立即采取行动打击炸鱼活动是必要的。”
Williams is hopeful the new research could be used to construct a network of audio sensors with GPS syncs to provide real-time detection and localization for marine authorities.
威廉姆斯希望这项新研究能够用于构建一个带有GPS同步的音频传感器网络，为海洋管理部门提供实时检测和定位。
And not just in Indonesia. From the Philippines to Turkey to Zanzibar, Williams hopes the now publicly available code will be rolled out across the globe to keep biodiverse habitats from being reduced to “rubble.”
而且不仅仅是在印度尼西亚。从菲律宾到土耳其再到桑给巴尔，威廉姆斯希望现在公开的代码能在全球范围内推广，以防止生物多样性栖息地沦为“瓦砾”。
Crucially, unlike bleaching events or warming waters, bomb fishing represents a rare form of coral crisis where a local fix exists.
关键在于，与白化事件或海水变暖不同，炸鱼是一种罕见的珊瑚危机，存在局部解决方案。
“Because bomb fishing is an acute stressor, you can restore your way out of it,” said Williams. “If bomb fishing stopped, and you went and restored the reefs, they should be healthy and thrive for quite some time to come.”
“因为炸鱼是一种急性压力源，你可以通过修复来摆脱它，”威廉姆斯说。“如果炸鱼停止，你去修复珊瑚礁，它们应该会在未来相当长一段时间内保持健康和繁荣。”
—Johnny Sturgeon, Inside Climate News
——约翰尼·斯特金，《内部气候新闻》
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