利用AI Agent逆向分析外设固件：麦克风与摄像头实战复盘

Everything I own, owned

August 23, 2026

Over the past couple weeks I’ve been doing agent-driven reverse engineering of peripherals that happen to be within arm’s reach. From those devices, I’ve come away with a full plaintext command shell inside my microphone, a webcam whose activity LED I can switch off while it records, and a key light that hands out memory writes to anyone on the WiFi. Peripherals have proven to be an ideal target for agentic RE - they’re tiny computers attached to my computer, with a data connection to the host and usually a firmware update mechanism, so an agent has something to iterate against. The net outcome is better control and understanding of my machine.

My process was pretty much the same for each of these devices: grab a copy of the device’s firmware and associated update tool from the manufacturer, throw it into my reverse engineering environment, tell Claude Opus 5 what my goals are, and let it churn. Depending on the device, the goals were somewhat different, but they usually looked something like:

Depending on the results, there were different directions of follow-up, but you should get the general idea. Let’s run through the list - each device links to a GitHub repo full of generated-slop docs and scripts, most of which have been validated live against real hardware. I’ve also included the effort each device took, pulled out of the Claude Code session transcripts. “Churn” is the time Claude was actually working, with the long idle gaps removed. “Prompts from me” is every message I typed, including the one-word ones telling it to keep going. All five devices together came out to about 13 hours of churn and 98 prompts, spread across two weeks of evenings.

Everything I own

Insta360 Link webcam

GitHub repo - 3.7 hours of Claude churn, 33 prompts from me

I use an Insta360 Link webcam, which is a nice gimbaled pan-tilt-zoom camera that does face tracking for automatically framing the shot. I wanted to know if it was possible to subvert the activity LED, like in the classic iSeeYou exploit.

Interestingly, it was immediately obvious that this camera has a lot going on inside it. It turns out that it runs a whole RTOS (ThreadX) sourced from the upstream SoC vendor, Ambarella. The RTOS hosts several small vision models that provide things like the aforementioned face tracking, as well as gesture detection for controlling settings. Pretty amazing complexity inside a tiny webcam, but it also means there’s some exciting attack surface here.

Over the USB Video Class interface, there’s an XU (Extension Unit) command that kicks the device into “mass storage” mode. This then lets us transfer a staged firmware update to the device’s internal FAT filesystem, which the device then applies to itself on reboot. This route does require user intervention to reboot with a replug, but there’s actually another command channel that exposes arbitrary read/write of files and a reboot command over the USB vendor class. With this, we can fully flash the device without any user interaction. Once the firmware is in the right place, there’s effectively no anti-tamper, just an appended MD5 hash to ensure integrity.

The indicator LED turns out to have a well-structured set of “patterns” in the firmware that dictate color, blink pattern, etc. that are indexed into for various device states. I had Claude write a tool to patch out the table entry for camera activity, fix up the integrity hash, and flash it to the camera. A quick test showed that the green LED that normally illuminates while recording no longer turned on. Horrifying! On this device, the gimbal itself also deflects down when not recording, so it’s not completely stealth, but it still doesn’t feel great.

The LED behavior before and after patching.

ASUS ROG Swift PG42UQ monitor

GitHub repo - 1.2 hours of Claude churn, 13 prompts from me

My ASUS ROG Swift PG42UQ monitor was actually where I started, because I got annoyed at the pop-up overlay that comes up every once in a while that tells me to run “pixel cleaning”. I have never intentionally run pixel cleaning on this monitor and I never will, I don’t care, and I would like for that overlay to go away forever. Maybe there’s a debug menu or something that can turn it off, or worst case we patch a branch in the firmware?

Claude found that the firmware has effectively no protection whatsoever - there’s a two-slot A/B scheme and a simple checksum, but ultimately we can write whatever we want to the thing. Firmware updates run over an I2C bus bridged over USB.

The pixel cleaning warning turns out to have no native way to disable it, and it’ll always show up after 8 hours of runtime. Oh well. Claude did find the appropriate area to patch to kill the functionality though. I haven’t actually been brave enough to write a modified firmware to the thing yet - it’s a pretty expensive monitor - but I’ll get there at some point.

Another neat thing was exploring the DDC/CI interface. This is the control channel available over the display cable itself, allowing the host to change inputs and other settings. I believe ASUS offers this through their Windows utility, DisplayWidget, but that does little for me on Linux. So, now I have a shell script that can flip through some of the DDC/CI features like the hardware crosshair or zoom overlays, FPS counter, and countdown timer. I might set up some of these on hotkeys in the future for easy access.

Shure MV7 microphone

GitHub repo - 4.2 hours of Claude churn, 32 prompts from me

At this point, there’s less actual incentive to keep popping these devices and more just morbid curiosity. My microphone, the Shure MV7, connects over USB and obviously has some amount of smarts to it, with on-device digital volume controls and such.

The firmware for this one turned out to be hidden inside the Windows software, MOTIV Mix, so Claude installed that in Wine, found the update server, and pulled it down. I wasn’t on the latest, so there was actually a reasonable incentive here to get this working just to update my microphone from Linux. The firmware turned out to contain both DSP and MCU firmware, and was honestly pretty boring as you might expect. Again, no real security on the firmware flash itself.

However, the update protocol revealed that the entire thing actually runs over a USB HID vendor class protocol that implements a full plaintext command shell, with 48 different commands. Since it’s HID, we can actually hit this over WebHID from a webpage in Chrome, so I had Claude build a web interface for using the shell. There’s all sorts of interesting settings in here including a dozen DSP knobs, arbitrary memory read/write, LED control, and a 4-tier user privilege system whose entire authentication is a string comparison against the name of the tier you asked for. su sup just works, and the top tier can disable the touch panel so you can’t mute at the device, and drive the mute LED independently of whether the microphone is actually muted. It’s the webcam LED trick again, on a microphone. Obviously, be aware that you could probably break your device if you use that UI and do something stupid with it.